By Dr Carl Gustav Jung

En Germanie naistront diverses sectes,

S’approchans fort de l’heureux paganisme:

Le coeur captif et petites receptes

Feront retour a payer la vraye disme.

 

— Propheties De Maistre Michel Nostradamus, 1555

[“In Germany Shall diverse sects arise,

Coming very near to happy paganism.

The heart captivated and small receivings

Shall open the gate to pay the true tithe.” ]

When we look back to the time before 1914, we find ourselves living in a world of events which would have been inconceivable before the war. We were even beginning to regard war between civilized nationsas a fable, thinking that such an absurdity would become less and less possibleon our rational, internationally organized world. And what came after the warwas a veritable witches’ sabbath. Everywhere fantastic revolutions, violentalterations of the map, reversions in politics to medieval or even antiqueprototypes, totalitarian states that engulf their neighbours and outdo allprevious theocracies in their absolutist claims, persecutions of Christians andJews, wholesale political murder, and finally we have witnessed a light-heartedpiratical raid on a peaceful, half-civilized people.

With such goings on in the wide world it is not in theleast surprising that there should be equally curious manifestations on asmaller scale in other spheres. In the realm of philosophy we shall have towait some time before anyone is able to assess the kind of age we are livingin. But in the sphere of religion we can see at once that some very significantthings have been happening. We need feel no surprise that in Russia thecolourful splendours of the Eastern Orthodox Church have been superseded by theMovement of the Godless — indeed, one breathed a sigh of relief oneself whenone emerged from the haze of an Orthodox church with its multitude of lamps andentered an honest mosque, where the sublime and invisible omnipresence of Godwas not crowded out by a superfluity of sacred paraphernalia. Tasteless andpitiably unintelligent as it is, and however deplorable the low spiritual levelof the “scientific” reaction, it was inevitable thatnineteenth-century “scientific” enlightenment should one day dawn inRussia.

But what is more than curious — indeed, piquant to a degree — is that an ancient god of storm and frenzy, the long quiescent Wotan,should awake, like an extinct volcano, to new activity, in a civilized country that had long been supposed to have outgrown the Middle Ages. We have seen himcome to life in the German Youth Movement, and right at the beginning the bloodof several sheep was shed in honour of his resurrection. Armed with rucksackand lute, blond youths, and sometimes girls as well, were to be seen asrestless wanderers on every road from the North Cape to Sicily, faithfulvotaries of the roving god. Later, towards the end of the Weimar Republic, thewandering role was taken over by thousands of unemployed, who were to be metwith everywhere on their aimless journeys. By 1933 they wandered no longer, butmarched in their hundreds of thousands. The Hitler movement literally broughtthe whole of Germany to its feet, from five-year-olds to veterans, and produceda spectacle of a nation migrating from one place to another. Wotan the wandererwas on the move. He could be seen, looking rather shamefaced, in themeeting-house of a sect of simple folk in North Germany, disguised as Christsitting on a white horse. I do not know if these people were aware of Wotan’sancient connection with the figures of Christ and Dionysus, but it is not veryprobable.

Wotan is a restless wanderer who creates unrest andstirs up strife, now here, now there, and works magic. He was soon changed byChristianity into the devil, and only lived on in fading local traditions as aghostly hunter who was seen with his retinue, flickering like a will o’ thewisp through the stormy night. In the Middle Ages the role of the restlesswanderer was taken over by Ahasuerus, the Wandering Jew, which is not a Jewishbut a Christian legend. The motif of the wanderer who has not accepted Christwas projected on the Jews, in the same way as we always rediscover ourunconscious psychic contents in other people. At any rate the coincidence ofanti-Semitism with the reawakening of Wotan is a psychological subtlety thatmay perhaps be worth mentioning.

The German youths who celebrated the solstice withsheep-sacrifices were not the first to hear the rustling in the primeval forestof the unconsciousness. They were anticipated by Nietzsche, Schuler, StefanGeorge, and Ludwig Klages. The literary tradition of the Rhineland and thecountry south of the Main has a classical stamp that cannot easily be got ridof; every interpretation of intoxication and exuberance is apt to be taken backto classical models, to Dionysus, to the puer aeternus and the cosmogonic Eros.No doubt it sounds better to academic ears to interpret these things asDionysus, but Wotan might be a more correct interpretation. He is the god ofstorm and frenzy, the unleasher of passions and the lust of battle; moreover heis a superlative magician and artist in illusion who is versed in all secretsof an occult nature.

Nietzsche‘s case is certainly a peculiar one. He had no knowledge of Germanic literature; he discovered the “cultural Philistine”; and the announcement that “God is dead” led to Zarathustra’s meeting with an unknown god in unexpected form, who approached him sometimes as an enemy and sometimes disguised as Zarathustra himself. Zarathustra, too, was a soothsayer, a magician, and the storm-wind:

And like a wind shall I come to blow among them, and with my spirit shall take away the breath of their spirit; thus my future will sit. Truly, a strong wind is Zarathustra to all that are low; and this counsel gives he to his enemies and to all that spit and spew: “Beware of spitting against the wind.”

And when Zarathustra dreamed that he was guardian of the graves in the “lone mountain fortress of death,” and was making amighty effort to open the gates, suddenly

A roaring wind tore the gates asunder; whistling,shrieking, and keening, it cast a black coffin before me. And amid the roaring and whistling and shrieking the coffin burst open and spouted a thousand peals of laughter.

The disciple who interpreted the dream said to Zarathustra:

Are you not yourself the wind with shrill whistling,which bursts open the gates of the fortress of death? Are you not yourself the coffin filled with life’s gay malice and angel-grimaces?

In 1863 or 1864, in his poem TO THE UNKNOWN GOD, Nietzsche had written:

 I shall and will know thee, Unknown One,

Who searchest out the depths of my soul,

And blowest through my life like a storm,

Ungraspable, and yet my kinsman!

I shall and will know thee, and serve thee.

Twenty years later, in his MISTRAL SONG, he wrote:

Mistral wind, chaser of clouds,

Killer of gloom, sweeper of the skies,

Raging storm-wind, how I love thee!

And we are not both the first-fruits

Of the same womb, forever predestined

To the same fate?

In the dithyramb known as ARIADNE’S LAMENT, Nietzsche is completely the victim of the hunter-god:

Stretched out, shuddering,

Like a half-dead thing whose feet are warmed,

Shaken by unknown fevers,

Shivering with piercing icy frost arrows,

Hunted by thee, O thought,

Unutterable! Veiled! horrible one!

Thou huntsman behind the cloud.

Struck down by thy lightning bolt,

Thou mocking eye that stares at me from the dark!

Thus I lie.

Writhing, twisting, tormented

With all eternal tortures,

Smitten

By thee, cruel huntsman,

Thou unknown — God!

 

This remarkable image of the hunter-god is not a meredithyrambic figure of speech but is based on an experience which Nietzsche had when he was fifteen years old, at Pforta. It is described in a book by Nietzsche’s sister, Elizabeth Foerster-Nietzsche. As he was wandering about in a gloomy wood at night, he was terrified by a “blood-curdling shriek from a neighbouring lunatic asylum,” and soon afterwards he came face to face with a huntsman whose “features were wild and uncanny.” Setting his whistle to his lips “in a valley surrounded by wild scrub,” the huntsman “blew such a shrill blast” that Nietzsche lost consciousness —but woke up again in Pforta. It was a nightmare. It is significant that in his dream Nietzsche, who in reality intended to go to Eisleben, Luther’s town, discussed with the huntsman the question of going instead to”Teutschenthal” (Valley of the Germans). No one with ears can misunderstand the shrill whistling of the storm-god in the nocturnal wood.

Was it really only the classical philologist in Nietzsche that led to the god being called Dionysus instead of Wotan — or wa sit perhaps due to his fateful meeting with Wagner?

In his REICH OHNE RAUM, which was first published in1919, Bruno Goetz saw the secret of coming events in Germany in the form of avery strange vision. I have never forgotten this little book, for it struck meat the time as a forecast of the German weather. It anticipates the conflict between the realm of ideas and life, between Wotan’s dual nature as a god of storm and a god of secret musings. Wotan disappeared when his oaks fell and appeared again when the Christian God proved too weak to save Christendom from fratricidal slaughter. When the Holy Father at Rome could only impotently lament before God the fate of the grex segregatus, the one-eyed old hunter, on the edge of the German forest, laughed and saddled Sleipnir.

We are always convinced that the modern world is a reasonable world, basing our opinion on economic, political, and psychological factors. But if we may forget for a moment that we are living in the year ofOur Lord 1936, and, laying aside our well-meaning, all-too-human reasonableness,may burden God or the gods with the responsibility for contemporary events instead of man, we would find Wotan quite suitable as a casual hypothesis. In fact, I venture the heretical suggestion that the unfathomable depths of Wotan’s character explain more of National Socialism than all three reasonable factors put together. There is no doubt that each of these factors explains an important aspect of what is going on in Germany, but Wotan explains yet more.He is particularly enlightening in regard to a general phenomenon which is so strange to anybody not a German that it remains incomprehensible, even after the deepest reflection.

Perhaps we may sum up this general phenomenon as Ergriffenheit — a state of being seized or possessed. The term postulates not only an Ergriffener (one who is seized) but, also, an Ergreifer (one whoseizes). Wotan is an Ergreifer of men, and, unless one wishes to deify Hitler– which has indeed actually happened — he is really the only explanation. It is true that Wotan shares this quality with his cousin Dionysus, but Dionysusseems to have exercised his influence mainly on women. The maenads were a species of female storm-troopers, and, according to mythical reports, were dangerous enough. Wotan confined himself to the berserkers, who found their vocation as the Blackshirts of mythical kings.

A mind that is still childish thinks of the gods as metaphysical entities existing in their own right, or else regards them as playful or superstitious inventions. From either point of view the parallel between Wotan redivivus and the social, political and psychic storm that is shaking Germany might have at least the value of a parable. But since the gods are without doubt personifications of psychic forces, to assert their metaphysical existence is as much an intellectual presumption as the opinion that they could ever be invented. Not that “psychic forces” have anything to do with the conscious mind, fond as we are of playing with the idea that consciousness and psyche are identical. This is only another piece of intellectual presumption. “Psychic forces” have far more to do with the realm of the unconscious. Our mania for rational explanations obviously has its roots in our fear of metaphysics, for the two were always hostile brothers. Hence,anything unexpected that approaches us from the dark realm is regarded eitheras coming from outside and, therefore, as real, or else as an hallucination and, therefore, not true. The idea that anything could be real or true which does not come from outside has hardly begun to dawn on contemporary man.

For the sake of better understanding and to avoid prejudice, we could of course dispense with the name “Wotan” and speak instead of the furor teutonicus. But we should only be saying the samething and not as well, for the furor in this case is a mere psychologizing of Wotan and tells us no more than that the Germans are in a state of”fury.” We thus lose sight of the most peculiar feature of this whole phenomenon, namely, the dramatic aspect of the Ergreifer and the Ergriffener.The impressive thing about the German phenomenon is that one man, who is obviously “possessed,” has infected a whole nation to such an extent that everything is set in motion and has started rolling on its course towards perdition.

It seems to me that Wotan hits the mark as an hypothesis. Apparently he really was only asleep in the Kyffhauser mountain until the ravens called him and announced the break of day. He is a fundamental attribute of the German psyche, an irrational psychic factor which acts on the high pressure of civilization like a cyclone and blows it away. Despite their crankiness, the Wotan-worshippers seem to have judged things more correctly than the worshippers of reason. Apparently everyone had forgotten that Wotan isa Germanic datum of first importance, the truest expression and unsurpassed personification of a fundamental quality that is particularly characteristic of the Germans. Houston Stewart Chamberlain is a symptom which arouses suspicion that other veiled gods may be sleeping elsewhere. The emphasis on the Germanic race — commonly called “Aryan” — the Germanic heritage, blood and soil, the Wagalaweia songs, the ride of the Valkyries, Jesus as a blond and blue-eyed hero, the Greek mother of St Paul, the devil as an international Alberich in Jewish or Masonic guise, the Nordic aurora borealis as the light of civilization, the inferior Mediterranean races — all this is the indispensable scenery for the drama that is taking place and at the bottom they all mean the same thing: a god has taken possession of the Germans and their house is filled with a “mighty rushing wind.” It was soon after Hitler seized power,if I am not mistaken, that a cartoon appeared in PUNCH of a raving berserker tearing himself free from his bonds. A hurricane has broken loose in Germany while we still believe it is fine weather.

Things are comparatively quiet in Switzerland, though occasionally there is a puff of wind from the north or south. Sometimes it has a slightly ominous sound, sometimes it whispers so harmlessly or even idealistically that no one is alarmed. “Let the sleeping dogs lie” –we manage to get along pretty well with this proverbial wisdom. It is sometimes said that the Swiss are singularly averse to making a problem of themselves. I must rebut this accusation: the Swiss do have their problems, but they would not admit it for anything in the world, even though they see which way the wind is blowing. We thus pay our tribute to the time of storm and stress in Germany,but we never mention it, and this enables us to feel vastly superior.

It is above all the Germans who have an opportunity,perhaps unique in history, to look into their own hearts and to learn what those perils of the soul were from which Christianity tried to rescue mankind.Germany is a land of spiritual catastrophes, where nature never makes more than a pretense of peace with the world-ruling reason. The disturber of the peace isa wind that blows into Europe from Asia’s vastness, sweeping in on a wide front from Thrace to the Baltic, scattering the nations before it like dry leaves. or inspiring thoughts that shake the world to its foundations. It is an elementalDionysus breaking into the Apollonian order. The rouser of this tempest isnamed Wotan, and we can learn a good deal about him from the politicalconfusion and spiritual upheaval he has caused throughout history. For a moreexact investigation of his character, however, we must go back to the age ofmyths, which did not explain everything in terms of man and his limitedcapacities, but sought the deeper cause in the psyche and its autonomouspowers. Man’s earliest intuitions personified these powers. Man’s earliestintuitions personified these powers as gods, and described them in the mythswith great care and circumstantiality according to their various characters.This could be done the more readily on account of the firmly establishedprimordial types or images which are innate in the unconscious of many racesand exercise a direct influence upon them. Because the behavior of a race takeson its specific character from its underlying images, we can speak of anarchetype “Wotan.” As an autonomous psychic factor, Wotan produceseffects in the collective life of a people and thereby reveals his own nature.For Wotan has a peculiar biology of his own, quite apart from the nature ofman. It is only from time to time that individuals fall under the irresistibleinfluence of this unconscious factor. When it is quiescent, one is no moreaware of the archetype Wotan than of a latent epilepsy. Could the Germans whowere adults in 1914 have foreseen what they would be today? Such amazingtransformations are the effect of the god of wind, that “bloweth where itlisteth, and thou hearest the sound thereof, but canst not tell whence itcometh, nor whither it goeth.” It seizes everything in its path andoverthrows everything that is not firmly rooted. When the wind blows it shakeseverything that is insecure, whether without or within.

Martin Ninck has recently published a monograph whichis a most welcome addition to our knowledge of Wotan’s nature. The reader neednot fear that this book is nothing but a scientific study written with academicaloofness from the subject. Certainly the right to scientific objectivity isfully preserved, and the material has been collected with extraordinarythoroughness and presented in unusually clear form. But, over and above allthis, one feels that the author is vitally interested in it, that the chord ofWotan is vibrating in him, too. This is no criticism — on the contrary, it isone of the chief merits of the book, which without this enthusiasm might easilyhave degenerated into a tedious catalogue. Ninck sketches a really magnificentportrait of the German archetype Wotan. He describes him in ten chapters, usingall the available sources, as the berserker, the god of storm, the wanderer,the warrior, the Wunsch- and Minne-god, the lord of the dead and of theEinherjar, the master of secret knowledge, the magician, and the god of thepoets. Neither the Valkyries nor the Fylgja are forgotten, for they form partof the mythological background and fateful significance of Wotan. Ninck’sinquiry into the name and its origin is particularly instructive. He shows thatWotan is not only a god of rage and frenzy who embodies the instinctual andemotion aspect of the unconscious. Its intuitive and inspiring side, also,manifests itself in him, for he understands the runes and can interpret fate.

The Romans identified Wotan with Mercury, but hischaracter does not really correspond to any Roman or Greek god, although thereare certain resemblances. He is a wanderer like Mercury, for instance, he rulesover the dead like Pluto and Kronos, and is connected with Dionysus by his emotionalfrenzy, particularly in its mantic aspect. It is surprising that Ninck does notmention Hermes, the god of revelation, who as pneuma and nous is associatedwith the wind. He would be the connecting-link with the Christian pneuma andthe miracle of Pentecost. As Poimandres (the shepherd of men), Hermes is anErgreifer like Wotan. Ninck rightly points out that Dionysus and the otherGreek gods always remained under the supreme authority of Zeus, which indicatesa fundamental difference between the Greek and the Germanic temperament. Ninckassumes an inner affinity between Wotan and Kronus, and the latter’s defeat mayperhaps be a sign that the Wotan-archetype was once overcome and split up inprehistoric times. At all events, the Germanic god represents a totality on avery primitive level, a psychological condition in which man’s will was almostidentical with the god’s and entirely at his mercy. But the Greeks had gods whohelped man against other gods; indeed, All-Father Zeus himself is not far fromthe ideal of a benevolent, enlightened despot.

It was not in Wotan’s nature to linger on and showsigns of old age. He simply disappeared when the times turned against him, andremained invisible for more than a thousand years, working anonymously and indirectly.Archetypes are like riverbeds which dry up when the water deserts them, butwhich it can find again at any time. An archetype is like an old watercoursealong which the water of life has flowed for centuries, digging a deep channelfor itself. The longer it has flowed in this channel the more likely it is thatsooner or later the water will return to its old bed. The life of theindividual as a member of society and particularly as a part of the State maybe regulated like a canal, but the life of nations is a great rushing riverwhich is utterly beyond human control, in the hands of One who has always beenstronger than men. The League of Nations, which was supposed to possesssupranational authority, is regarded by some as a child in need of care andprotection, by others as an abortion. Thus, the life of nations rolls onunchecked, without guidance, unconscious of where it is going, like a rockcrashing down the side of a hill, until it is stopped by an obstacle strongerthan itself. Political events move from one impasse to the next, like a torrentcaught in gullies, creeks and marshes. All human control comes to an end whenthe individual is caught in a mass movement. Then, the archetypes begin tofunction, as happens, also, in the lives of individuals when they areconfronted with situations that cannot be dealt with in any of the familiarways. But what a so-called Fuhrer does with a mass movement can plainly be seenif we turn our eyes to the north or south of our country.

The ruling archetype does not remain the same forever,as is evident from the temporal limitations that have been set to the hoped-forreign of peace, the “thousand-year Reich.” The Mediterraneanfather-archetype of the just, order-loving, benevolent ruler had been shatteredover the whole of northern Europe, as the present fate of the ChristianChurches bears witness. Fascism in Italy and the civil war in Spain show thatin the south as well the cataclysm has been far greater than one expected. Eventhe Catholic Church can no longer afford trials of strength.

The nationalist God has attacked Christianity on abroad front. In Russia, he is called technology and science, in Italy, Duce,and in Germany, “German Faith,” “German Christianity,” orthe State. The “German Christians” are a contradiction in terms andwould do better to join Hauer’s “German Faith Movement.” These aredecent and well-meaning people who honestly admit their Ergriffenheit and tryto come to terms with this new and undeniable fact. They go to an enormous amountof trouble to make it look less alarming by dressing it up in a conciliatoryhistorical garb and giving us consoling glimpses of great figures such asMeister Eckhart, who was, also, a German and, also, ergriffen. In this way theawkward question of who the Ergreifer is is circumvented. He was always”God.” But the more Hauer restricts the world-wide sphere ofIndo-European culture to the “Nordic” in general and to the Edda inparticular, and the more “German” this faith becomes as amanifestation of Ergriffenheit, the more painfully evident it is that the”German” god is the god of the Germans.

One cannot read Hauer’s book without emotion, if one regards it as the tragic and really heroic effort of a conscientious scholar who, without knowing how it happened to him, was violently summoned by the inaudible voice of the Ergreifer and is now trying with all his might, and with all his knowledge and ability, to build a bridge between the dark forces oflife and the shining world of historical ideas. But what do all the beauties ofthe past from totally different levels of culture mean to the man of today,when confronted with a living and unfathomable tribal god such as he has neverexperienced before? They are sucked like dry leaves into the roaring whirlwind,and the rhythmic alliterations of the Edda became inextricably mixed up withChristian mystical texts, German poetry and the wisdom of the Upanishads. Hauerhimself is ergriffen by the depths of meaning in the primal words lying at theroot of the Germanic languages, to an extent that he certainly never knewbefore. Hauer the Indologist is not to blame for this, nor yet the Edda; it is rather the fault of kairos — the present moment in time — whose name on closer investigation turns out to be Wotan. I would, therefore, advise the German Faith Movement to throw aside their scruples. Intelligent people whowill not confuse them with the crude Wotan-worshippers whose faith is a merepretense. There are people in the German Faith Movement who are intelligentenough not only to believe, but to know, that the god of the Germans is Wotanand not the Christian God. This is a tragic experience and no disgrace. It hasalways been terrible to fall into the hands of a living god. Yahweh was noexception to this rule, and the Philistines, Edomites, Amorites and the rest,who were outside the Yahweh experience, must certainly have found itexceedingly disagreeable. The Semitic experience of Allah was for a long timean extremely painful affair for the whole of Christendom. We who stand outsidejudge the Germans far too much, as if they were responsible agents, but perhapsit would be nearer the truth to regard them, also, as victims.

If we apply are admittedly peculiar point of view consistently, we are driven to conclude that Wotan must, in time, reveal not only the restless, violent, stormy side of his character, but, also, hisecstatic and mantic qualities — a very different aspect of his nature. If thisconclusion is correct, National Socialism would not be the last word. Thingsmust be concealed in the background which we cannot imagine at present, but wemay expect them to appear in the course of the next few years or decades.Wotan’s reawakening is a stepping back into the past; the stream was damned upand has broken into its old channel. But the Obstruction will not last forever;it is rather a reculer pour mieux sauter, and the water will overleap theobstacle. Then, at last, we shall know what Wotan is saying when he “murmers with Mimir’s head.”

Fast move the sons of Mim,and fate

Is heard in the note of the Gjallarhorn;

Loud blows Heimdall, the horn is aloft,

In fear quake all who on Hel-roads are.

Yggdrasill shakes and shivers on high

The ancient limbs, and the giant is loose;

Wotan murmurs with Mimir’s head

But the kinsman of Surt shall slay him soon.

How fare the gods? how farethe elves?

All Jotunheim groans, the gods are at council;

Loud roar the dwarfs by the doors of stone,

The masters of the rocks: would you know yet more?

Now Garm howls loud before Gnipahellir;

The fetters will burst, and the wolf run free;

Much I do know, and more can see

Of the fate of the gods, the mighty in fight.

From the east comes Hrym with shield held high;

In giant-wrath does the serpent writhe;

O’er the waves he twists, and the tawny eagle

Gnaws corpses screaming; Naglfar is loose.

O’er the sea from the norththere sails a ship

With the people of Hel, at the helm stands Loki;

After the wolf do wild men follow,

And with them the brother of Byleist goes.